sqlite: handle stmt invalidation

[araujogui]

Fixes #61819

[nodejs-github-bot]

Review requested:

• @nodejs/sqlite

[codecov]

Codecov Report

✅ All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests.
✅ Project coverage is 89.76%. Comparing base (94b1f66) to head (5b2876e).
⚠️ Report is 18 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main   #61877      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   91.77%   89.76%   -2.01%     
==========================================
  Files         338      674     +336     
  Lines      140064   204891   +64827     
  Branches    22045    39381   +17336     
==========================================
+ Hits       128543   183928   +55385     
- Misses      11298    13239    +1941     
- Partials      223     7724    +7501     

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
src/node_sqlite.cc	80.94% <100.00%> (ø)
src/node_sqlite.h	80.39% <ø> (ø)

... and 458 files with indirect coverage changes

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